How To Take Notes You Will Remember (M)
Laptop versus hand-written notes: what the difference reveals about memory.
Category: Memory
The Bare Minimum Exercise To Avoid Memory Loss (M)
Difficulty remembering autobiographical events is one of the first signs of Alzheimer’s, the most common form of dementia.
Why Memories Get Harder To Retrieve With Age (M)
The search for a particular book takes longer when the library is larger and more complex.
Dementia: 9 Warning Signs Everyone Should Know
…and the type of memory problems that are nothing to worry about.
…and the type of memory problems that are nothing to worry about.
Almost everyone has memory glitches from time-to-time — they are usually not a sign of dementia.
Here are a few perfectly normal memory problems:
- Being unable to remember the word for something.
- After putting something down, being unable to remember where you left it.
- Having to think for a few minutes to remember where you left the car.
- Going upstairs, then forgetting why you are there.
- Forgetting something relatively unimportant someone has told you.
These are nothing to worry about.
Memory is also affected by poor sleep, stress and depression.
Most people who think they have some memory problems, actually do not.
The reason is that people who are having more serious memory problems are usually not aware of them.
Often it is friends and relatives who suggest a person having memory problems should get checked out.
Somewhat worrying memory problems to watch out for include:
- Forgetting the name of a close friend or relative.
- Regularly putting objects back in the wrong places and not remembering having left them there.
- Asking someone the same question again 30 minutes later.
- Trouble recognising words, faces, shapes or colours.
- Finding it difficult to get around very familiar places, like the local area.
- Difficulty doing multiple automated tasks. For example, a good cook who starts finding it hard to manage a very familiar recipe.
- A large change in personality, such as becoming very introverted after being an outgoing, social person.
The signs above are slightly more worrying but could still be the result of stress, poor sleep or grief.
The warning signs
The following signs, though, are more serious and would probably warrant being checked out by a physician:
- Not recognising close friends and relatives.
- Getting disorientated about time and space.
- Inability to tell the function of an everyday object — like a teapot.
- Poor everyday judgement: like wearing summer clothes in winter.
- Totally forgetting how to perform everyday tasks like using the washing machine.
- Leaving things in strange places, like putting a handbag in the freezer.
- Getting confused about the family structure. For example, being unable to match the grandchild to the right family.
- Asking for something that has just been had, like a cup of coffee.
- Having vivid memories from childhood, but faltering memories for very familiar recent memories.
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The Essential Oil That Enhances Memory For Past And Future Events
The aroma of this essential oil also boosts mental arithmetic and long-term memory.
The aroma of this essential oil also boosts mental arithmetic and long-term memory.
The aroma of rosemary essential oil enhances memory and the ability to remember future events, research finds.
For the study 66 people took various memory tests either in a room that was scented with rosemary or without.
Those breathing the scent of rosemary performed better.
Dr Mark Moss, one of the study’s authors, said:
“We wanted to build on our previous research that indicated rosemary aroma improved long-term memory and mental arithmetic.
In this study we focused on prospective memory, which involves the ability to remember events that will occur in the future and to remember to complete tasks at particular times this is critical for everyday functioning.
For example when someone needs to remember to post a birthday card or to take medication at a particular time.”
Jemma McCready, a study co-author, said:
“There was no link between the participants’ mood and memory.
This suggests performance is not influenced as a consequence of changes in alertness or arousal.”
She continued:
“These findings may have implications for treating individuals with memory impairments.
It supports our previous research indicating that the aroma of rosemary essential oil can enhance cognitive functioning in healthy adults, here extending to the ability to remember events and to complete tasks in the future.
Remembering when and where to go and for what reasons underpins everything we do, and we all suffer minor failings that can be frustrating and sometimes dangerous.
Further research is needed to investigate if this treatment is useful for older adults who have experienced memory decline.”
The study was presented at the Annual Conference of the British Psychological Society in 2013.
Memory: This Is The Key To Permanent Recall – Done In Just 40 Seconds
New memories are likely to be lost unless they are consolidated correctly.
New memories are likely to be lost unless they are consolidated correctly.
Rehearsing a memory for just 40 seconds could be the key to permanent recall, a study finds.
When rehearsing a memory, the same area of the brain is activated as when laying it down, psychologists found.
This brain region — the posterior cingulate — is also the part that is damaged in Alzheimer’s disease.
Dr Chris Bird, who led the research, said:
“We know that recent memories are susceptible to being lost until a period of consolidation has elapsed.
In this study we have shown that a brief period of rehearsal has a huge effect on our ability to remember complex, lifelike events over periods of 1-2 weeks.
We have also linked this rehearsal effect to processing in a particular part of the brain — the posterior cingulate.”
In the study people were shown 26 YouTube clips.
For most of the videos, people spent 40 seconds going over the events.
They did this either mentally or out loud.
Two weeks later, non-rehearsed videos were mostly forgotten.
In contrast, people remembered many of the details of the videos they had spent just 40 seconds rehearsing.
It didn’t matter if they went over them mentally or out loud.
Brain scans revealed that the more the activity matched when watching and rehearsing, the more people could remember.
Dr Bird said:
“The findings have implications for any situation where accurate recall of an event is critical, such as witnessing an accident or crime.
Memory for the event will be significantly improved if the witness rehearses the sequence of events as soon as possible afterwards.”
The study was published in the Journal of Neuroscience (Bird et al., 2015).
Many Memories Are Never Forgotten — They Just Become Inaccessible (M)
All our memories are still locked away in our minds, but only some of them are accessible.
The Healthiest Way to Deal With Traumatic Memories (M)
Two-thirds of Americans report one or more adverse childhood experiences.
Infant Memory: What Babies And Toddlers Can Remember
How psychologists have examined the emergence of infant memory in our first few years of life.
How psychologists have examined the emergence of infant memory in our first few years of life.
Some argue it’s impossible for us to remember anything much from before around two to four years of age.
Others think our infant memory can go way back – perhaps even to before birth.
The question of ‘infantile amnesia’ is thorny because it’s hard to test whether adults’ earliest memories are real or imagined.
What psychologists have done, though, is examine the emergence of infant memory in our first few years with a series of now classic experiments.
If infant memories really can be laid down early in life then it is certainly possible in theory for adults to remember very early experiences.
Getting a kick out of kicking
One classic experiment, devised by Professor Carolyn Rovee-Collier (now at Rutgers University) and colleagues in the 1960s, provides us an insight into what infants can remember.
This method has produced some great evidence about how and when infants’ memories develops.
In their experiment, Rovee and Rovee (1969) had infants of between 9 and 12 weeks lay comfortably in their cribs at home looking up at a mobile covered with brightly coloured wooden figures.
A cord was then attached to their foot connecting it to the mobile.
This meant that if the infants kicked out the mobile would move.
And, if they kicked out hard, the wooden figures would bump into each other and make a pleasant knocking sound.
The more the little kids kick, the more of a kick they get from the mobile.
If you’re starting to get a whiff of Pavlov and his salivating dog then you’re on the right lines.
This experiment is all about seeing if an infant can be conditioned to kick their foot to make the mobile move.
Researchers first measure infants’ baseline levels of kicking (with mobile unattached), then compare this to kicking that produces an exciting response (wow, the mobile is moving!).
What thy found was that even infants as young as 8 weeks old could learn the association between kicking and the mobile movement.
This learning was still evident over a 45-55 minutes period.
Infant memory
While this initial finding is fairly modest, the use of this procedure has led to all sorts of new findings about infant memory.
For example, subsequent infant memory studies have later substituted a different mobile for the original to see if the infants can spot the difference, thereby testing whether or not they really remember.
In one experiment infants only 8-weeks-old were trained with the mobile over a period of 3 days for 9 minutes each day.
Twenty-four hours later the infants only kicked at above their baseline levels when the same mobile was above their heads.
This showed they remembered the particular mobile they had been trained with and not just any old mobile.
It was an especially exciting finding because it had previously been thought that long-term memory (and 24 hours is long-term for psychologists) didn’t emerge until as late as 8 or 9 months.
Because of this experiment and others like it, we now know much more about infant memory.
Our memory systems actually work quite well from very early on.
Infants’ memories also seems to work in much the same way as adult memories – it’s just that infant memories are much more fragile.
Carolyn Rovee-Collier argues it is doubtful whether infantile amnesia really exists (Rovee-Collier, 1999).
It certainly appears our brains can lay down long-term memories even in the first year of life.
The reason it is unusual to retain infant memories from that time into adulthood is probably because of the limited capacity of our early memory systems and the intervening years during which we inevitably forget.
→ This article is part of a series on 10 crucial developmental psychology studies:
- When infant memory develops
- How self-concept emerges in infants
- How children learn new concepts
- The importance of attachment styles
- When infants learn to imitate others
- Theory of mind reveals the social world
- Understanding object permanence
- How infants learn their first word
- The six types of play
- Piaget’s stages of development theory
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This Sleep Pattern Leads To Faster Learning That Lasts Longer (M)
50% improvement in learning from this sleep technique.
