Drawing on responses from over 45,000 people, this study maps narcissism across 53 countries.
Narcissists people prefer countries to be run by the military or strong leaders.
Narcissists people prefer countries to be run by the military or strong leaders.
Narcissists are not fans of democracy: they prefer countries to be run by the military or strong leaders.
They think that democratically elected governments are not good at maintaining order.
The results of the study are probably explained by the fact that narcissists do not tolerate views that differ from their own.
As the study’s title puts it, narcissists believe that: “It’s my way or the highway.”
People with high self-esteem, though, tend to support democracies.
The study’s authors write:
“Narcissists have high feelings of self-worth, but tend to be defensive: They are easily threatened by criticisms or conflicting views.”
In contrast, non-narcissists tend to be willing to trust others and have higher self-esteem.
The conclusions come from surveys of 407 people in the US and 405 in Poland.
The results of both found that people with high self-esteem tended to support democracies.
Narcissists, though, who often have low self-esteem, did not generally support democracy.
Dr Aleksandra Cichocka, study co-author, said:
“The jury is out on whether the new generations are becoming more narcissistic than previous ones, but it is important to monitor how societal changes can affect the self.
We need to make sure we are not fostering feelings of entitlement or expectations of special treatment.
In the end, these processes may have important implications for our social and political attitudes.”
The study was published in the British Journal of Social Psychology (Marchlewska et al., 2018).
The kinds of things that narcissists buy.
The kinds of things that narcissists buy.
Narcissists tend to buy products for themselves that make them stand out.
For example, they were more likely to buy a leather case that could be personally engraved, or a ‘limited edition’ of an electronic gadget.
Exclusivity and individuality is what a narcissist is looking for in a product.
Dr Aiden Gregg, who led the study, explained:
“Narcissists seek to self-enhance.
One way to do so is by buying products for symbolic as well as material reasons — for what they mean as well as what they do.
Our early results show that narcissists’ interest in consumer products, whether bought for themselves or for others, is strongly driven by the power of those products to positively distinguish them.
Narcissists feel better about themselves because they think they have succeeded in individualising or elevating themselves.”
Across three studies people were asked to imagine buying various items.
Time after time the narcissists chose things that were exclusive or that could be personalised.
For example, narcissists showed greater interest in a shirt that could be customised.
The study also looked at the type of gifts that narcissists buy for others.
These also tended to be more exclusive, suggesting they want others around them to be special or different as well.
Dr Russell Seidle, commenting on the study, said:
“As expected, narcissistic consumers demonstrate a preference for scarce products that correspond with their views of themselves as unique individuals.
Interestingly, these same consumers show a lower tendency to critically evaluate the actual characteristics of these goods.
That is, scarcity in and of itself seems to be the main driver of their purchasing behaviour.
These findings help to shed light on the importance of the symbolic value of purchasing decisions, which for these consumers seems to outweigh even the practical usefulness of the product being bought.”
The study was published in the journal Journal of Consumer Psychology (Sedikides et al., 2007).
Lack of this emotion helps identifies a certain type of narcissist.
Lack of this emotion helps identifies a certain type of narcissist.
Many narcissist do not feel much envy.
This is because grandiose narcissists have an inflated sense of superiority.
Dr Zlatan Krizan, the study’s lead author, said:
“They really buy into their own fantasy.
If you think you’re the greatest, it makes sense that you wouldn’t envy others because everybody is beneath you, so there’s nothing to envy.
It’s really the vulnerability that predicts envy and it predicts it very, very strongly.”
The conclusion comes from a survey of over 350 people asked about their feelings of envy, self-esteem, anxiety and depression.
Two types of narcissism emerged from their work:
Dr Krizan said:
“Narcissism is a more multi-faceted construct than we believe.
I think that’s an important point, because this public image of narcissism that most people have of this grandiose, dramatic individual is only one side of the coin.”
The vulnerable side of narcissism was also linked to lower self-esteem
Dr Krizan said:
“These individuals still think they’re special, entitled, and they want to be great, but they just can’t do it.
As a result they’re vulnerable, their self-esteem fluctuates a lot, they tend to be self-conscious and not very proactive, but passive, shy, and introverted.”
Vulnerable narcissists could potentially be more dangerous, Dr Krizan said:
“It’s these vulnerable individuals who are in some sense more worrisome because they are quiet, sort of festering in anger out there in a corner.
And it’s just a matter of time before they get frustrated and lash out and verbally assault somebody, maybe even an innocent party, because of some provocation that they felt.”
Dr Krizan said that narcissism and envy were possible motivations for the Columbine school shootings in 1999:
“If you look at evidence that is often left over, in Columbine for example you had those videos, these shooting escapades seem to be a kind of power grab by these individuals.
The tapes are also narratives, in which they are the person taking control, they’re the one in charge and they will determine how things will go.”
The study was published in the Journal of Personality (Krizan & Johar, 2012).
How to tell the difference between a narcissist and someone with high self-esteem.
How to tell the difference between a narcissist and someone with high self-esteem.
Criticism makes narcissists aggressive, but people with high self-esteem are not particularly bothered by criticism.
This is because, at heart, narcissists often have a strange relationship with their self-esteem, so they hate to be criticised.
Any criticism will usually make them aggressive in response.
Psychologists measured the self-esteem, narcissism and aggressive behaviour of 540 undergraduate students.
They found that the more narcissistic students tended to verbally lash out more when they were criticised.
The study’s authors write:
“Narcissists mainly want to punish or defeat someone who has threatened their highly favorable views of themselves.
People who are preoccupied with validating a grandiose self-image apparently find criticism highly upsetting and lash out against the source of it.”
People who had high self-esteem did not become more aggressive towards those who criticised them.
Narcissists, meanwhile, find the threat to their ego too great.
The seeds of narcissism can be sown at a young age, said Professor Brad J. Bushman, the study’s first author:
“…if kids begin to develop unrealistically optimistic opinions of themselves and those beliefs are constantly rejected by others, their feelings of self-love could make these kids potentially dangerous to those around them.”
If provoking the narcissist sounds dangerous, then another method of identifying the narcissist is simply to ask them.
Professor Bushman, speaking about a previous study, explained:
“People who are willing to admit they are more narcissistic than others probably actually are more narcissistic.
People who are narcissists are almost proud of the fact.
You can ask them directly because they don’t see narcissism as a negative quality — they believe they are superior to other people and are fine with saying that publicly.”
The study was published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (Bushman & Baumeister, 1998).
Classic narcissistic behaviours include exploiting others without guilt, needing constant praise and displaying a sense of entitlement.
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What is fuelling the rise in narcissism? Are narcissists born or created?
What is fuelling the rise in narcissism? Are narcissists born or created?
Giving someone power can make them into a narcissist.
However, it depends on how much testosterone they naturally have in their system.
Despite being known as the ‘male hormone’, testosterone is also present in women’s bodies, although at lower levels.
When a person, male or female, has high levels of testosterone, power is more likely to corrupt them, activating narcissistic tendencies, the researchers found.
Dr Nicole Mead, the study’s first author, explained that:
“Narcissists can feel a sense of entitlement – they expect and demand respect from others as well as special privileges,”
They are willing to exploit others to get what they want.”
For the study, 206 people’s testosterone levels were tested and then they were given group activities in which they were sometimes put in positions of power.
Dr Mead explained the results:
“While power doesn’t turn everyone into a destructive tyrant, it has pernicious effects when it gets into the hands of those who want it most.
Power increased narcissism only among those with high-baseline testosterone – people who want to achieve and retain positions of power.”
The component of narcissism that was boosted by power is known as ‘exploitative-entitlement’.
In other words, power made people more ready to exploit others and to feel it is their right to do so.
Dr Nicole Mead, the study’s first author, said:
“Power is an essential component of social life.
Although the corrupting nature of power has been noted for centuries, the way it changes how people see themselves in relation to others remained an enigma.
We thought narcissistic self-views may be a missing piece of the puzzle for understanding how power corrupts.”
Dr Mead thinks much can be pinned on a sense of entitlement:
“This research is some of the first to look at factors that fuel the rise of narcissism and to pinpoint the change in self-views that can explain the corrupting influence of power.
Moreover, the work shows that the destructive effects of power were not due to narcissistic feelings of superiority but rather narcissistic feelings that one is special and should be treated accordingly.
Feelings of exploitation and entitlement may help those who crave power to retain a power gap between themselves and others.”
The study was published in the Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (Mead et al., 2018).
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