"Memory itself is an internal rumour." --George Santayana

The word rumour captures an aspect of memory perfectly. When we delve backwards, moments never return in their original clarity; they return as rumours of the original event. Faces have been switched, names deleted, words edited - sometimes it's as though we weren't even there.

Psychologists have found that right from the moment an event occurs, is laid down in memory (or not), to the moment we try to retrieve it (or can't), our minds are fallible. Harvard psychologist Professor Daniel L. Schacter has classified memory's slips, ambiguities and downright lies into the 'seven sins of memory': transience, absent-mindedness, blocking, misattribution, suggestibility, bias and persistence (Schacter, 1999).

But despite these 'sins', we still get by. Memory is what makes us who we are. Practically it enables us to function in everyday life. Without it we would be lost, like those with severe amnesia who can't remember who they are or achieve even the simplest of tasks. So how can memory's fallibility be reconciled with its abilities?

This series of posts explores these sins and in turn uncovers some bizarre stories as well as shedding light on everyday occurrences. The surprise is that many sins of memory have a redeeming feature; sometimes the very sin itself is the flipside of one of memory's saintly qualities, one we couldn't do without.

1. How Quickly We Forget: The Transience of Memory
2. Absent-Mindedness: A Blessing in Disguise?
3. On the Tip-of-the-Tongue: Blocked Memories
4. How Memories are Distorted or Invented: Misattribution
5. When Suggestibility is a Liability: Wrongful Convictions
   • Wrongful Conviction: 50% of Mistaken Eyewitnesses Certain After Positive Feedback
   • Implanting False Memories: Lost in the Mall & Paul Ingram
   • Therapists Can Implant False Beliefs and Memories
6. How the Consistency Bias Warps Our Personal and Political Memories
7. The Persistence of Memory

→ Now read on for six myths about memory.

Image credit: Tracy Byrnes

Making Habits, Breaking Habits

In his new book, Jeremy Dean--psychologist and author of PsyBlog--looks at how habits work, why they are so hard to change, and how to break bad old cycles and develop new healthy, creative, happy habits.

→ "Making Habits, Breaking Habits", is available now on Amazon.

Reviews
The Bookseller, “Editor’s Pick,” 10/12/12 “Sensible and very readable…By far the most useful of this month’s New You offerings.”

Kirkus Reviews, 1/1/13 “Making changes does take longer than we may expect—no 30-day, 30-pounds-lighter quick fix—but by following the guidelines laid out by Dean, readers have a decent chance at establishing fulfilling, new patterns.”

Publishers Weekly, 12/10/12 “An accessible and informative guide for readers to take control of their lives.”

→ You can dip into the first chapter, or check it out on Amazon.com.