Kidney donors may incur considerable expense and undergo painful surgery even without knowing the organ’s recipient. Why do they do it?
The type of people who are more sensitive to negative emotions.
The type of people who are more sensitive to negative emotions.
People who are more open to experience are at higher risk of depression.
People who are open to experience are more likely to be imaginative, sensitive to their feelings, intellectually curious and seekers of variety.
In particular, people who are into art and in touch with their emotions are more likely to experience depression.
It may be because artistic people are more sensitive.
The conclusion comes from a study of 143 people who were given tests of personality, focusing on the personality trait of openness to experience:
“Open individuals exhibit an increased awareness of, and receptiveness to, their feelings, thoughts, and impulses, as well as a need for variety, or a recurrent need to enlarge and examine experience.”
Some people in the study had never been depressed, some were depressed in the past and the remainder were currently experiencing depression.
The authors explained the results:
“Depressed participants (both current and past) scored significantly higher than nondepressed participants on the broad factor of Openness, as well as on both Openness to Aesthetics and Openness to Feelings.”
Sensitivity to the arts is probably linked to sensitivity to negative emotions, the authors write:
“It seems more likely that individuals who are attuned to beauty and the arts might be more sensitive, in general, and might therefore be more sensitive to, and affected by, negative events and stimuli.”
An appreciation of art and the experience of depression may be strongly linked:
“…the experience of depression may lead to an existential ”reexamination of the purpose of living,” and consequently bring the depressed individual “in touch with the mystery that lies at the heart of ‘tragic and timeless’ art”
[…]Similarly, Ludwig (1994) suggested that the experience of depression (as well as other emotional problems) serves to fuel the writers “motivation for expression, . . . providing them with the basic ingredients for their art’.”
The study was published in the Journal of Personality Assessment (Wolfenstein & Trull, 1997).
One personality trait emerged as the most important for satisfaction across 40+ years of marriage.
One personality trait emerged as the most important for satisfaction across 40+ years of marriage.
People with very stable emotions tend to have the best marriages, research finds.
Stable emotions reflect low levels of the personality trait of neuroticism.
Emotionally stable people (those low in neuroticism) tend not to criticise their partners, behave defensively or be contemptuous of them.
In married couples, having an extraverted, outgoing partner is also linked to higher satisfaction.
In addition, both high agreeableness and high conscientiousness are linked to relationship satisfaction in dating couples.
But it is having a partner that is co-operative and responsible that is the key, not necessarily being that way yourself.
Neuroticism, though, has the greatest effect of all personality traits on how satisfied couples are with their relationship.
People with high levels of neuroticism are more likely to get divorced.
To see how beneficial these traits are imagine for a moment the reverse of someone who is stable, agreeable and responsible.
Being neurotic, along with dis-agreeable and irresponsible is known as the ‘lack-of-self-control’ cluster of personality traits.
It is not hard to see why this set of three personality traits — that are linked to psychopathology and substance abuse — might not make for the best marriage.
The conclusions come from a study that surveyed 136 dating couples and 74 married couples.
They were asked about both their own and their partner’s personality as well as their satisfaction with their marriage.
The personality trait of neuroticism — one of the five major aspects of personality — emerged as most important, just as it has over decades of research.
The study’s authors describe one early piece of research that…
“…studied 278 couples from the mid-1930s through the early 1980s.
[…]Analyses indicated that respondents who initially were high on neuroticism were more likely to become divorced over the course of the study.
[…]Neuroticism scores showed significant predictive power across time spans of more than 40 years.”
The study was published in the Journal of Personality (Watson et al., 2001).
There is little evidence that children ‘turn into’ their parents, but parental personalities are central.
This personality type affects around one in six people in the US.
This personality type affects around one in six people in the US.
People with personality disorders are at double the risk of developing mental health problems by 35-years-old, research finds.
People with personality disorders are more likely to be socially disadvantaged, separated or divorced.
By 35, people with personality disorders are almost twice as likely to be experiencing depression and/or anxiety.
Personality disorders affect around one in six people in the US.
The three most common personality disorders in the US are:
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) is one of the most well-known of personality disorders
Those with OCPD are typically perfectionists who are also highly fearful or anxious.
They want to control everything and find it very hard to relax.
In contrast, those with a paranoid personality disorder are extremely mistrustful of others.
They are very sensitive and are always on the lookout for things that confirm their worst fears: that everyone is out to get them.
They assume others are hostile, they bear grudges and find it hard to have an emotional connection with others.
Finally, people with an antisocial personality disorder typically have no regard for other people’s feelings or judgments.
They see themselves as free of society’s rules and standards and are similar to what we think of as a psychopath.
→ More details on how to spot personality disorders.
Dr Paul Moran, who led the Australian study of 1,520 people, said:
“At the age of 24, personality disorder was already linked with social disadvantage, substance misuse and poor mental health.
Eleven years later, the presence of personality pathology predicted the occurrence of anxiety and depression, as well as the absence of long-term relationships.
What is most striking is that these associations were not due to pre-existing mental health, substance use or social problems.
People with personality disorder appear to be a distinctly vulnerable group with regards to future mental health and relationship problems.”
The study was published in the The Lancet Psychiatry (Moran et al., 2016).
The main thing people look for in a partner.
The main thing people look for in a partner.
People tend to look for the same personality type in a partner over-and-over again, research concludes.
One of the main things people look for is a similar personality to themselves.
So, extraverts prefer other extraverts, agreeable people prefer other agreeable people, and so on.
However, it is more than that, the researchers found.
There is also a lot of similarity between a person’s ex-partners.
One of the advantages of having similar partners is learning how to deal with a particular personality type.
Ms Yoobin Park, the study’s first author, said:
“In every relationship, people learn strategies for working with their partner’s personality.
If your new partner’s personality resembles your ex-partner’s personality, transferring the skills you learned might be an effective way to start a new relationship on a good footing.”
The conclusions come from a study of 332 people.
Researchers compared the personalities of their current partners with those of their past partners.
They were asked how much they agreed with statements like:
The results showed that people tend to have a ‘type’, said Ms Park:
“It’s common that when a relationship ends, people attribute the breakup to their ex-partner’s personality and decide they need to date a different type of person.
Our research suggests there’s a strong tendency to nevertheless continue to date a similar personality.
The effect is more than just a tendency to date someone similar to yourself.
The degree of consistency from one relationship to the next suggests that people may indeed have a ‘type’.
And though our data do not make clear why people’s partners exhibit similar personalities, it is noteworthy that we found partner similarity above and beyond similarity to oneself.”
In some circumstances, though, sticking to the same personality type all the time can be damaging, said Ms Park:
“So, if you find you’re having the same issues in relationship after relationship, you may want to think about how gravitating toward the same personality traits in a partner is contributing to the consistency in your problems.”
The study was published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (Park & MacDonald, 2019).
City vs countryside? Open vs closed-minded people? How does personality and place interact to affect life satisfaction?
How to reduce the damage done by this depressive personality trait.
How to reduce the damage done by this depressive personality trait.
The personality trait of perfectionism is linked to higher depression risk, a review of ten different studies finds.
People who are perfectionists are worried about making mistakes and they tend to be heavily critical of themselves.
They feel pressure from society to perform to a high standard and they think others are continually judging their performance.
When perfectionists fail to meet their lofty standards, they tend to get depressed.
Practicing self-acceptance or self-compassion is one of the best ways of dealing with perfectionist tendencies.
The conclusions come from research collecting together the results of 10 separate studies including 1,758 people.
The results showed that neuroticism, or ‘negative emotionality’ is the personality trait most strongly linked to depression.
However, being a perfectionist is associated with an additional risk.
The authors explain their results:
“In our meta-analysis of 10 longitudinal studies composed of undergraduate, community member, psychiatric patient, outpatient and medical student samples, neuroticism was the strongest predictor of change in depressive symptoms.
Even so, all seven perfectionism dimensions still predicted change in depressive symptoms beyond neuroticism.”
One aspect of perfectionism is feeling societal pressure.
The authors write:
“…socially prescribed perfectionism, concern over mistakes, doubts about actions, self-criticism, and perfectionistic attitudes add incrementally to understanding change in depressive symptoms beyond neuroticism.”
Perfectionism is problematic because high standards are so hard to reach consistently.
The authors write:
“…people high in perfectionistic concerns appear to think, feel and behave in ways that have depressogenic consequences [causing depression].
Such people believe others hold lofty expectations for them, and often feel incapable of living up to the perfection they perceive others demand.
They may agonize about perceived failures and have doubts about performance abilities because they experience their social world as judgmental, pressure-filled and unyielding.”
The study was published in the European Journal of Personality (Smith et al., 2016).
Some people’s personalities naturally have greater resistance to mental health problems.
Some people’s personalities naturally have greater resistance to mental health problems.
Extraverts are less likely to suffer from depression, anxiety or any other form of mental health problem, research finds.
Extraverts tend to enjoy other people’s company, are often full of energy and tend to be talkative.
Other people give extraverts energy and they have a tendency to feel bored when alone.
The conclusions come from a study of 441 people in Finland who were given tests of personality, depression and anxiety.
The study also found that people who are neurotic are more likely to suffer from depression and anxiety.
The study’s authors write:
“…the personality dimension neuroticism is strongly associated with depressive and anxiety symptoms, and the personality dimension intraversion is moderately associated with depressive symptoms among participants in this urban general population.”
Neuroticism, the authors explain, is:
“…characterized by proneness to anxiety, emotional instability, and self-consciousness, whereas extraversion involves positive emotionality, energy, and dominance.”
People who are both neurotic and introverted are at higher risk of depression and anxiety.
However, those who have stable personalities and who are extraverted are less likely to experience depression and anxiety.
The study was published in the journal Depression and Anxiety (Jylhä et al., 2006).
The personality traits that help cadets graduate from the US Military Academy at West Point.
The personality traits that help cadets graduate from the US Military Academy at West Point.
Grit and intelligence are two personality factors vital for success, research suggests.
Grit is the trait of perseverance and passion that keeps people working towards long-term goals.
While higher intelligence helps people succeed at certain activities, it may be grit that really propels people over the line.
The conclusions come from a study of over 11,258 cadets entering the US Military Academy at West Point.
Professor Angela Duckworth, the study’s first author, said:
“I was looking for a context in which people might be quitting too early.
There’s such a thing as quitting at the right time.
But there’s also such a thing as quitting on a bad day when you’re discouraged and maybe shouldn’t be making such a big decision.”
All cadets entering the Academy in nine successive years completed measures of grit, plus the researchers had access to cognitive scores and tests of physical abilities.
Professor Duckworth said:
“We accumulated all this data in part so we could answer more definitively the question of whether grit predicted success outcomes.
We now have more confidence in our original conclusions.
At the same time, we wanted to explore where, perhaps, grit wasn’t the most important factor.”
The results showed that the trait of grit was most useful to cadets during ‘Beast Barracks’, a six-week initiation during which 3 percent of cadets drop out.
Professor Duckworth said:
“The grittier you are, the less likely you are to drop out during that very discouraging time.”
In classroom activities it was intelligence that mattered most.
To graduate from West Point, though, a combination of grit and physical ability was more important than cognitive abilities.
Professor Duckworth said:
“This work shows us that grit is not the only determinant of success.
Yes, it’s very important, helping people stick with things when they’re hard, but it’s not the best predictor of every aspect of success.”
Fascinatingly, the higher cadet’s cognitive abilities, the lower their grit.
Smarter people seem to have less determination to overcome the odds, perhaps because they face fewer challenges.
The study was published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (Duckworth et al., 2019).
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