A study reveals the hidden dangers of night time light pollution for brain health.
Study of women over 50 suggests how to cut dementia risk by 90 percent.
Study of women over 50 suggests how to cut dementia risk by 90 percent.
Being physically fit in middle age reduces the risk of developing dementia by 90 percent, research finds.
Highly fit women were followed for over four decades in the Swedish study.
Their 90 percent lower dementia risk was in comparison to moderately fit women.
Even if highly fit women did develop dementia, its onset was, on average, 11 years later.
Dr Helena Hörder, the study’s first author, said:
“These findings are exciting because it’s possible that improving people’s cardiovascular fitness in middle age could delay or even prevent them from developing dementia.
However, this study does not show cause and effect between cardiovascular fitness and dementia, it only shows an association.
More research is needed to see if improved fitness could have a positive effect on the risk of dementia and also to look at when during a lifetime a high fitness level is most important.”
The study involved 191 women over 50 who took a bicycle test, in which they continued until they were exhausted.
Women who had to stop due to high blood pressure, chest pains or other problem were 45 percent more likely to develop dementia decades later.
Dr Hörder said:
“This indicates that negative cardiovascular processes may be happening in midlife that could increase the risk of dementia much later in life.”
The study was published in the journal Neurology (Hörder et al., 2018).
Your brain could stay sharp for years just by doing these simple activities.
Damage to the brain can occur 15 to 20 years before the clinical symptoms appear.
Damage to the brain can occur 15 to 20 years before the clinical symptoms appear.
A disrupted body clock, leading to sleep problems, could be an early sign of Alzheimer’s, research finds.
Changes in the sleep cycle occur much earlier than memory problems or other symptoms of dementia.
The finding is an important sign because damage to the brain can occur 15 to 20 years before the clinical symptoms appear.
Dr Erik S. Musiek, the study’s first author, said:
“It wasn’t that the people in the study were sleep-deprived.
But their sleep tended to be fragmented.
Sleeping for eight hours at night is very different from getting eight hours of sleep in one-hour increments during daytime naps.”
Studies in people and animals have now linked poor sleep to higher levels of amyloid protein build-up in the brain.
Amyloid is thought to be a cause of Alzheimer’s.
Dr Musiek said:
“Over two months, mice with disrupted circadian rhythms developed considerably more amyloid plaques than mice with normal rhythms.
The mice also had changes in the normal, daily rhythms of amyloid protein in the brain. It’s the first data demonstrating that the disruption of circadian rhythms could be accelerating the deposition of plaques.”
For the study, 189 normal older adults with an average age of 66 were tracked.
50 of these turned out to have problems with sleep.
Dr Yo-El Ju, study co-author, said:
“In this new study, we found that people with preclinical Alzheimer’s disease had more fragmentation in their circadian activity patterns, with more periods of inactivity or sleep during the day and more periods of activity at night.”
It is not yet known if poor sleep is contributing to Alzheimer’s or whether it is a symptom of the disease’s early stages.
Dr Ju said:
“At the very least, these disruptions in circadian rhythms may serve as a biomarker for preclinical disease.
We want to bring back these subjects in the future to learn more about whether their sleep and circadian rhythm problems lead to increased Alzheimer’s risk or whether the Alzheimer’s disease brain changes cause sleep/wake cycle and circadian problems.”
The study was published in the journal JAMA Neurology (Musiek et al., 2018).
This supplement could be valuable for a certain groups of older adults.
Dementia risk doubled in people with high on this major personality trait.
Dementia risk doubled in people with high on this major personality trait.
Being neurotic may double the risk of developing dementia later in life, research reveals.
The major personality trait of neuroticism involves a tendency towards worry and moodiness.
People who are neurotic are more likely to experience negative emotions like depression, anxiety, guilt and envy.
However, the link between neuroticism and dementia only occured in people experiencing long-standing stress.
In other words, neurotic people are particularly sensitive to chronic stress.
Neurotic people not exposed to excessive stress were at no greater risk of dementia.
Dr Lena Johannsson, the study’s first author, said:
“We could see that the women who developed Alzheimer disease had more often been identified in the personality test 40 years earlier as having neurotic tendencies.
We found a clear statistical correlation for the women who had at the same time been subject to a long period of stress.”
The study followed 800 women with an average of 46 for almost four decades.
They were asked if they had experienced prolonged periods of stress.
This meant a month or more of ongoing stress related to family, work or health that created feelings of nervousness, fear and irritability.
Thirty-eight years later, one-in-five had developed dementia.
The risk was substantially higher, though, in those who were neurotic.
An even more vulnerable group were those who were both neurotic and introverted — women with this combination were at the highest risk.
Dr Johannsson said:
“We know that many factors influence the risk of developing dementia.
Our personality may determine behavior, lifestyle and how we react to stress, and in this way affect the risk of developing Alzheimer disease.”
However, neuroticism can be changed by therapy and its effects can be reduced.
Dr Johannsson said:
“Some studies have shown that long periods of stress can increase the risk of Alzheimer disease, and our main hypothesis is that it is the stress itself that is harmful.
A person with neurotic tendencies is more sensitive to stress than other people.”
The study was published in the journal Neurology (Johansson et al., 2014).
Almost one-in-ten regularly take this medication that is repeatedly linked to increased dementia risk.
Almost one-in-ten regularly take this medication that is repeatedly linked to increased dementia risk.
Another study has found a link between taking sleeping medication and increased dementia risk.
Taking sleep medication was linked to a 79 percent increased risk of dementia among white people.
The link was not seen in Black people, however, and Dr Yue Leng, the study’s first author, is not sure of the reason:
“Differences may be attributed to socio-economic status.
Black participants who have access to sleep medications might be a select group with high socio-economic status and, thus, greater cognitive reserve, making them less susceptible to dementia.
It’s also possible that some sleep medications were associated with a higher risk of dementia than others.”
The study included around 3,000 older people, average age 74, almost half of whom were Black.
The results showed that white people were three times as likely to take sleep medication as Black people.
White people were twice as likely to use benzodiazepines, like Halcion, Dalmane and Restoril and 7 times as likely to use “Z-drugs,” such as Ambien.
It may be that the types of drugs that white people take puts them at higher risk of dementia.
For sleep problems, other options than medication should be considered, said Dr Leng:
“The first step is to determine what kind of sleep issues patients are dealing with.
A sleep test may be required if sleep apnea is a possibility.
If insomnia is diagnosed, cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-i) is the first-line treatment.
If medication is to be used, melatonin might be a safer option, but we need more evidence to understand its long-term impact on health.”
The most common signs of sleep apnea, which affects 30 percent of older people, include:
Poor sleep is one of the common symptoms of dementia, so it may be that taking more sleep medications is a result rather than a cause of dementia.
However, other studies have controlled for this factor and still found a link between anti-anxiety and sleep medication and early death.
These find a dose-response effect: the more of the drugs people took, the higher their risk of death.
Many other studies have found a link between dementia and sleep.
People who sleep for too little or too long are at a higher risk of cognitive decline and dementia.
Indeed, people who sleep more than 9 hours a night have double the risk of developing dementia, one study found.
However, those who sleep for between 5.5 and 7.5 hours per night do not see declines in their cognitive health, even when suffering the early effects of Alzheimer’s disease.
Those sleeping longer also have lower brain volumes.
Also, getting less REM sleep — the phase in which we dream — is linked to dementia.
→ Read on: Dementia: 9 Warning Signs Everyone Should Know
The study was published in the Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease (Leng et al., 2023).
90% use too much of an everyday substance that can cause inflammation of blood vessels in the brain, which is linked to dementia.
90% use too much of an everyday substance that can cause inflammation of blood vessels in the brain, which is linked to dementia.
A high-salt diet is linked to cognitive decline and possibly dementia, research finds.
Salt causes the delicate lining of the brain’s blood vessels to inflame, because of signals sent from the gut.
Fully 90 percent of Americans consume above the recommended dietary maximum of 2,300 mg per day.
Dr Costantino Iadecola, study co-author, said:
“We discovered that mice fed a high-salt diet developed dementia even when blood pressure did not rise.
This was surprising since, in humans, the deleterious effects of salt on cognition were attributed to hypertension.”
The effect was quickly reversed by lowering salt intake.
The conclusions come from a study in which mice were fed a high-salt diet that is equivalent to a high-salt diet in humans.
Subsequently, the mice had much worse cognitive function.
Their brains showed 28 percent less activity in the cortex and 25 percent less in the hippocampus.
They had problems getting around a maze and did not show the usual interest in new objects placed in their cage.
They also had poorer blood flow in their brains and the integrity of the blood vessels there was worse.
However, these changes were reversed once the mice were returned to a normal diet.
The scientists found that these changes had nothing to do with higher blood pressure.
Worse cognitive functioning in the mice was seen even when the mice had normal blood pressure.
They were the result of signals sent from the gut to the brain.
These activated an immune response in the brain which increased levels of interleukin-17.
This eventually resulted in the inflammation of the delicate lining of the brain’s blood vessels.
The study was published in the journal Nature Neuroscience (Faraco et al., 2018).
Usually neurons shrink while we sleep, allowing waste products to clear.
Usually neurons shrink while we sleep, allowing waste products to clear.
A single night of lost sleep increases proteins in the brain linked to Alzheimer’s, research shows.
People not allowed to sleep for one night showed elevated levels of beta amyloid, the clumps of protein seen in the brains of people with Alzheimer’s.
As these build up, they hamper the brain’s ability to function.
Dr Ehsan Shokri-Kojori, the study’s first author, said:
“We certainly show that even oe night of sleep deprivation can increase the levels of these harmful beta amyloid compounds.
That’s a very logical assumption, I would say, and it’s consistent with prior research.”
The researchers recruited 20 healthy people who were allowed to sleep normally one night and were kept up the next night.
Brain scans were used to assess levels of beta amyloid.
Dr Ehsan Shokri-Kojori explained:
“…the beta amyloid increases were observed in regions of the brain important to memory and thought.
These included the hippocampus, which has been tied to memory, and the thalamus, which is an important hub for relaying sensory information to the brain.”
Usually, while we sleep, neurons in the brain get smaller, which allows waste products to be cleared.
Dr. Andrew Varga, a sleep scientist not connected to the study, said:
“It makes intuitive sense that if you have chronically high levels of beta amyloid they would congregate together and form plaques, but that piece of it is not fully fleshed out.”
The study was published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (Shokri-Kojori et al., 2018).
The fruits and vegetables that provide the highest protection against cognitive decline.
The fruits and vegetables that provide the highest protection against cognitive decline.
Certain fruits and vegetables that contain antioxidant flavonols appear to protect against cognitive decline.
Flavanols, which are a type of flavonoid, are found in nearly all fruits and vegetables, as well as in tea.
Consuming around one cup of dark leafy greens each day is linked to retaining stronger cognitive abilities with age.
A flavanol called kaempferol was linked to the highest level of protection by the research.
Typical foods that contain high levels of kaempferol include beans, tea, kale, spinach and broccoli.
Another flavanol called myricetin was also protective, although not quite to the same extent as kaempferol.
Typical foods that contain high levels of myricetin include wine, tea, kale, oranges and tomatoes.
Quercetin, which is found in tea, apples, kale and tomatoes was also protective, but at a still lower level.
Dr Thomas M. Holland, the study’s first author, said:
“It’s exciting that our study shows making specific diet choices may lead to a slower rate of cognitive decline.
Something as simple as eating more fruits and vegetables and drinking more tea is an easy way for people to take an active role in maintaining their brain health.”
For the study, almost 1,000 people were divided into groups based on the amount of flavanols in their diet.
The group consuming the most flavanols got 15 mg a day — the amount that would come from a single cup of dark leafy greens.
Study participants were tracked over an average of 7 years and given regular cognitive tests.
These revealed that people who consumed the highest levels of flavanols experienced the slowest decline in their cognitive abilities.
The study’s authors explained:
“Results suggest dietary intakes of total flavonols and several flavonol constituents may be associated with slower decline in global cognition and multiple cognitive abilities with older age.”
As with any correlational research like this one, the study cannot prove that there is a link, merely that there is an association.
The study was published in the journal Neurology (Holland et al., 2022).
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