Category: Dementia

Although it’s in almost every fridge, few Americans have enough of this healthy brain food.

Milk consumption has been linked to higher levels of naturally-occurring antioxidants in the brain, a new study finds.

Despite this, few Americans reach the recommended daily intake for this healthy brain food.

Professor Debra Sullivan, chair of dietetics at University of Kansas Medical Center and one of the study’s authors, said:

“We have long thought of milk as being very important for your bones and very important for your muscles.

This study suggests that it could be important for your brain as well.”

The study of healthy older adults found that glutathione levels were higher in those drinking more milk.

Glutathione may help to stave off the effects of oxidative stress on the brain.

Professor Sullivan explained the importance of oxidative stress:

“You can basically think of this damage like the build-up of rust on your car.

If left alone for a long time, the buildup increases and it can cause damaging effects.”

Oxidative stress is thought to be involved in the development of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease along with many other conditions.

Dr In-Young Choi, the study’s first author, said:

“Antioxidants are a built-in defense system for our body to fight against this damage, and the levels of antioxidants in our brain can be regulated by various factors such as diseases and lifestyle choices.”

Healthy brain food

The study of the healthy brain food involved 60 older individuals.

Their diets were tracked in the days before having a brain scan.

Dr Choi explained that they used the latest technology to examine participants’ brains:

“Our equipment enables us to understand complex processes occurring that are related to health and disease.

The advanced magnetic resonance technology allowed us to be in a unique position to get the best pictures of what was going on in the brain.”

Few Americans reach three servings of dairy a day, which is the recommended intake.

However, the study showed that the more dairy people had had recently, the higher the levels of the antioxidant.

Dr Choi said:

“If we can find a way to fight this by instituting lifestyle changes including diet and exercise, it could have major implications for brain health.”

The study is published in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (Choi et al., 2015).

Woman and fridge image from Shutterstock

These simple lifestyle changes improve reasoning, problem-solving, processing speed and may ultimately prevent dementia.

Healthy eating, brain training, exercise and good medical management may prevent dementia, a new study suggests.

The Finnish study is the first ever to properly test a special programme to prevent age-related cognitive decline.

The two-year study had 1,260 people aged 60-77 randomly assigned to either receive some general health advice or the special programme.

Here is some of the advice those in the special programme group were given:

1. Diet

People were advised to eat plenty of fruit and vegetables, wholegrain cereals and low-fat milk and meat products.

They were also told to eat no more than 50g of sugar each day and to have at least two portions of fish each week.

2. Cognitive training

People were given computer brain training sessions and given advice on memory and reasoning strategies they could use.

This could probably be substituted with generally keeping mentally active.

This might include things like reading, doing puzzles and being engaged with life.

3. Exercise

For physical exercise, the advice was to do some strength training, one to three times a week.

Aerobic exercise was recommended two to five times a week.

The exercise advice was tailored to the individual: some were able to do more, others less.

4. Medical management

Blood pressure was checked, along with weight and BMI.

Based on this they were given more recommendations for potential lifestyle changes.

Participants were advised to see their doctor for any medication they might need.

Prevent dementia?

The study found that after two years, those who had received the special programme scored 25% higher on a neuropsychological test.

On a test of processing speed, though, the special programme group did 150% better.

On a measure of executive functioning — which controls memory, reasoning and problem solving — the special programme group had scores 83% higher.

Professor Miia Kivipelto, who led the research, said:

“Much previous research has shown that there are links between cognitive decline in older people and factors such as diet, heart health, and fitness.

However, our study is the first large randomised controlled trial to show that an intensive program aimed at addressing these risk factors might be able to prevent cognitive decline in elderly people who are at risk of dementia.”

The study now continues for at least another seven years to look at whether it can prevent dementia and Alzheimer’s diagnoses.

The study was published in The Lancet (Ngandu et al., 2015).

Time for change image from Shutterstock

The young age at which amyloid protein, a hallmark of Alzheimer’s, begins to appear in the brain.

Amyloid protein, which is a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease, has been detected in people as young as 20, a new study finds.

This is much earlier than any scientists previously thought.

Amyloid protein is strongly associated with Alzheimer’s disease.

It eventually forms in clumps outside the neurons.

Professor Changiz Geula, who led the study, said:

“Discovering that amyloid begins to accumulate so early in life is unprecedented.

This is very significant.

We know that amyloid, when present for long periods of time, is bad for you.”

Alzheimer’s study

The research looked at the brains of deceased people from ages 20 to 95.

Some had died young with no signs of dementia, while others had died later with or without Alzheimer’s.

The researchers focused on an area in the basal forebrain which is critical to memory and attention.

These neurons are the first to die in both normal ageing and in Alzheimer’s.

They found that the amyloid proteins began accumulating inside these neurons from as early as 20-years-old.

Together these proteins can form toxic lumps in the brain.

Older individuals and those with Alzheimer’s had larger toxic lumps of amyloid.

Professor Geula said:

“This points to why these neurons die early.

The small clumps of amyloid may be a key reason.

The lifelong accumulation of amyloid in these neurons likely contributes to the vulnerability of these cells to pathology in aging and loss in Alzheimer’s.”

The clumps damage the brain by killing neurons and by secreting more amyloid outside the cell.

Professor Geula said:

“It’s also possible that the clumps get so large, the degradation machinery in the cell can’t get rid of them, and they clog it up.”

The research is published in the journal Brain (Baker-Nigh et al., 2015)

MRI image from Shutterstock

Potential new treatment for Alzheimer’s and other cognitive disorders.

A life-extending protein called ‘klotho’ can increase learning and memory and ward off Alzheimer’s a new study reports.

Scientists at the University of California and the Gladstone Institutes have found that increasing the levels of klotho boosted learning and cognition in mice with Alzheimer’s toxins in their brains.

Klotho is an enzyme that naturally occurs in humans which is thought to be involved in the ageing process.

It takes its name from the entity in Greek mythology called ‘Clotho’, who was one of the ‘fates’ who were supposed to control the thread of people’s lives.

Dr Dena Dubal, who led the study, said:

“It’s remarkable that we can improve cognition in a diseased brain despite the fact that it’s riddled with toxins.

In addition to making healthy mice smarter, we can make the brain resistant to Alzheimer-related toxicity.

Without having to target the complex disease itself, we can provide greater resilience and boost brain functions.”

For the research, published in The Journal of Neuroscience, neuroscientists bred mice which had Alzheimer’s disease, but also had high levels of the klotho protein throughout their bodies (Dubal et al., 2015).

Normally mice with Alzheimer’s die earlier, have cognitive problems and abnormal brain activity, just like humans with the disease.

These mice, though, behaved normally and did not die prematurely.

Apparently the Klotho protein counteracted the effects of the Alzheimer’s disease.

Scientists are not yet sure why the klotho protein has these effects.

One theory is that klotho affects a neurotransmitter receptor in the brain called NMDA, which is crucial to learning and memory.

Professor Lennart Mucke, one of the study’s authors, said:

“We are encouraged in this regard by the strong similarities we found between klotho’s effects in humans and mice in our earlier study.

We think this provides good support for pursuing klotho as a potential drug target to treat cognitive disorders in humans, including Alzheimer’s disease.”

• See also: Longevity Gene May Enhance Cognition

MRI scan image from Shutterstock

Study finds compound in this alcoholic drink may have protective effect against neurodegenerative diseases.

A compound found in beer could help protect the brain from diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s, a new study suggests.

Xanthohumol is a compound found in hops which has already been linked to anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects.

The study’s authors explain:

“Hops from dried female clusters of the hop plant are widely used in beers and a few types of soft drinks.

In traditional Chinese medicine, hops have been used to treat a variety of ailments for centuries.

The presence of a high concentration of Xn [Xanthohumol] in beers might be linked to the epidemiological observation of the beneficial effect of regular beer drinking.

Xn has attracted considerable interest because of its multiple pharmacological functions, including anti-oxidation, cardiovascular protection, anticancer and cancer chemoprevention, antivirus, anti-obesity, and anti-inflammation.”  (Yao et al., 2015).

The new study, published in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, tested Xanthohumol on the brain cells of lab rats.

Researchers found that Xanthohumol helped to reduce oxidative stress on the brain cells.

Oxidative stress refers to the stress on cells caused by highly reactive ‘free radicals’ which are byproducts of the body’s normal process of producing energy.

The study’s authors write:

“As neuronal cells are particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress and have limited replenishment during the entire lifespan, increasing evidence has supported oxidative stress as one of the pathogenic causes in the neuropathology of adult neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease.”

Naturally this is only an early study, and it is far from showing that drinking a pint of beer a day will stave off Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.

But it may well help lead the way to producing new drugs to help the fight against neurodegenerative diseases.

Image credit: Alzheimer’s photo from Shutterstock

The non-prescription drugs which new study links to dementia risk.

Commonly used antidepressants and hayfever drugs, among others, have been linked to an increased risk of developing dementia, a new study finds.

The drugs are often taken by older people, as Professor Shelly Gray, the study’s first author, explained:

 “Older adults should be aware that many medications — including some available without a prescription, such as over-the-counter sleep aids — have strong anticholinergic effects.

And they should tell their health care providers about all their over-the-counter use.

But of course, no one should stop taking any therapy without consulting their health care provider.

Health care providers should regularly review their older patients’ drug regimens — including over-the-counter medications — to look for chances to use fewer anticholinergic medications at lower doses.”

Four commonly used drugs which have strong anticholinergic effects are:

1. Doxepin (Sinequan) – an older antidepressant.
2. Chlorpheniramine (Chlor-Trimeton) – an antihistamine used to treat hayfever.
3. Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) – another antihistamine often used to treat hayfever and sometimes used to aid sleep.
4. Oxybutynin (Ditropan) – for bladder control.

The study, which is published in JAMA Internal Medicine, tracked 3,434 people over the age of 65 who had no signs of dementia (Gray et al., 2015).

They were followed up over 7 years, during which time 797 developed dementia.

The results showed that the more of these drugs people took, the greater their risk of developing dementia.

One-fifth of the drugs had been bought over-the-counter without prescription.

The authors suggest that taking any of these drugs would put people at greater risk if taken for three years or more at these doses:

• 10 mg/day of doxepin,
• 4 mg/day of chlorpheniramine,
• or 5 mg/day of oxybutynin.

The first three can be substituted for other drugs which do not carry the dementia risk, the third cannot.

Unfortunately, the study also suggests that the damage caused by taking these medications may be irreversible.

Professor Gray said:

“If providers need to prescribe a medication with anticholinergic effects because it is the best therapy for their patient, they should use the lowest effective dose, monitor the therapy regularly to ensure it’s working, and stop the therapy if it’s ineffective.”

Image credit: JLA