Category: Nutrition

Vitamin B12 deficiency is easy to correct for most people.

Memory and thinking problems can be a sign of vitamin B12 deficiency, research finds.

People with low vitamin B12 can find it harder to sustain attention, learn words and names and solve puzzles.

Low levels of the vital vitamin have also been linked by research to brain shrinkage.

Vitamin B12, along with folate, help to protect the cognitive function of older people.

Good sources of vitamin B12 include fish, poultry, eggs and low-fat milk.

Fortified breakfast cereals also contain vitamin B12.

The study included 1,459 older people whose vitamin B12 and folate levels were measured.

They were also given tests of their cognitive skills.

Dr Martha Savaria Morris, the study’s first author, explained the results:

“We found a strong relationship between high folate status and good cognitive function among people 60 and older who also had adequate levels of vitamin B12.”

Folates include vitamin B9, folacin and folic acid.

Some of the best dietary sources of folates include:

• vegetables,
• fruits,
• liver,
• and whole-grains.

Folate levels are particularly high in chickpeas, yeast extract, lentils and broad beans.

Dr Morris said:

“People with normal vitamin B12 status performed better if their serum folate was high.

But for people with low vitamin B12 status, high serum folate was associated with poor performance on the cognitive test.”

In contrast, low vitamin B12 was problematic:

“For seniors, low vitamin B12 status and high serum folate was the worst combination.

Specifically, anemia and cognitive impairment were observed nearly five times as often for people with this combination than among people with normal vitamin B12 and normal folate.”

People who may have difficulty getting enough vitamin B12 include vegetarians and those with some digestive disorders, such as Crohn’s disease.

Dr Morris concluded:

“Our findings support the often-expressed idea that many seniors would benefit from more folate, but the research shows that we must look at the effects this would have on seniors with age-related vitamin B12 deficiency, who may be more numerous than once realized.”

The study was published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (Morris et al., 2007).

Supplementation of this compound, also naturally found in animal proteins, has been called the elixir of life.

Taurine supplementation extends the health and life span of middle-aged mice by 12 percent, research finds.

In humans it is also a semi-essential nutrient that is crucial for longevity and wellbeing.

Taurine is synthesised from cysteine in the pancreas, however, as the body does not produce enough, the rest must be obtained from the diet.

Also, taurine concentration drops as we age and the vegetarian and vegan population are at a higher risk of taurine deficiency.

For optimum levels, taurine can be obtained from high-protein foods such as meat, fish, and dairy, or taurine supplements.

Taurine plays a pivotal role related to the aging process: a deficiency reduces life expectancy, while supplementation could delay aging and help us look younger.

Taurine deficiency can lead to health issues such as hypertension, abdominal obesity, inflammation, type 2 diabetes, and aging-related diseases.

Animal research shows that taurine supplements slow the aging process by reducing DNA damage and improving an enzyme called telomerase which protects the ends of chromosomes.

Dr Vijay Yadav, the study’s senior author, said:

“For the last 25 years, scientists have been trying to find factors that not only let us live longer, but also increase health span, the time we remain healthy in our old age.

This study suggests that taurine could be an elixir of life within us that helps us live longer and healthier lives.”

Taurine has been known for its role in improving bone density, supporting the immune system and nervous system function, lowering blood glucose, and increasing weight loss.

Exercise and taurine

Another study found higher levels of taurine in athletes compared to sedentary individuals.

To see the impact of exercise, they measured taurine levels in participants’ blood before and after a vigorous cycling session.

Normally sedentary individuals experienced increased amounts of taurine after the workout as was seen in runners, bodybuilders, cyclists, and other athletes.

Dr  Yadav said:

“No matter the individual, all had increased taurine levels after exercise, which suggests that some of the health benefits of exercise may come from an increase in taurine.”

Researches also compared the levels of taurine in different age groups and found that with aging a large quantity is lost.

For example, taurine levels in a 60-year-old person were only one-third of a five-year-old child.

Dr  Yadav said:

“That’s when we started to ask if taurine deficiency is a driver of the aging process, and we set up a large experiment with mice.”

Anti-aging process

The aging process adversely affects human health so as people are living longer staying healthy in older age is a challenge.

Scientists acknowledge that some molecules such as taurine are important in aging, if so, the process can be controlled.

With the knowledge that a molecule like taurine is a driver of aging, increasing its levels should slow aging and improve the ‘healthspan’ (being healthy for a longer span).

Dr Yadav said:

“We realized that if taurine is regulating all these processes that decline with age, maybe taurine levels in the bloodstream affect overall health and lifespan.”

Taurine supplementation

Dr Yadav and the team examined the effect of taurine supplementation on both health and lifespan in middle-aged mice and monkeys.

Daily taurine supplements for six months in monkeys and one year in mice provide remarkable health benefits.

It improved the immune system, lowered blood glucose and some markers of liver damage, increased bone density in the legs and spine, and prevented weight gain in monkeys.

Taurine supplements improved muscle endurance and strength, increased bone mass, reduced insulin resistance, increased energy expenditure, reduced weight, decreased depression-like and anxious behaviours in mice.

Taurine supplements reduced “zombie cells” which are old cells that continue living and produce toxins in the body.

It also increased telomerase, elevated stem cell levels important for healing tissues after injury, slowed DNA damage, and improved mitochondria function.

These experiments suggest taurine probably can increase longevity and improve health in humans.

Dr Yadav said:

“I think taurine should also be considered.

And it has some advantages: Taurine is naturally produced in our bodies, it can be obtained naturally in the diet, it has no known toxic effects (although it’s rarely used in concentrations used), and it can be boosted by exercise.

Taurine abundance goes down with age, so restoring taurine to a youthful level in old age may be a promising anti-aging strategy.”

The studies were published in the journal Science (Singh et al., 2023; McGaunn et al.,2023)

Around one-in-eight people over 50 are low in vitamin B12 levels.

Poor memory, problems with thinking skills and even depression have all been linked to vitamin B12 deficiency.

Lack of vitamin B12 has also been linked to brain shrinkage with age.

People with higher vitamin B12 levels are six times less likely to suffer brain shrinkage, one study has found.

Vitamin B12 levels can be boosted through supplementation or by eating foods such as dairy, liver, salmon and eggs.

People who may have difficulty getting enough vitamin B12 include vegetarians, older people and those with some digestive disorders, such as Crohn’s disease.

Along with cognitive warnings, a physical sign of vitamin B12 deficiency is weakness in the muscles.

A review of the research has found that vitamin B12 is important in improving muscle strength and function.

A B12 deficiency, along with other dietary factors, can contribute to sarcopenia, which is the gradual loss of muscle mass.

Sarcopenia can lead to falls and increase the risk of bone fractures, as well as other injuries.

Professor Jean-Philippe Bonjour, study co-author, said:

“The most obvious intervention against sarcopenia is exercise in the form of resistance training.

However, adequate nutritional intake and an optimal dietary acid-base balance are also very important elements of any strategy to preserve muscle mass and strength during aging.”

Other dietary factors are also important in maintaining muscles with age.

Naturally, getting enough protein, the building blocks of muscle, is vital.

Similarly, vitamin D also plays a role in maintaining strength.

More fruits and vegetables in general are good for health and also for musculoskeletal health.

In contrast, high intakes of meat and cereal grains can increase acidity in the body, which is bad for the muscles.

Dr Ambrish Mithal, the study’s first author, said:

“Strategies to reduce the numbers of falls and fractures within our aging populations must include measures to prevent sarcopenia.

At present, the available evidence suggests that combining resistance training with optimal nutritional status has a synergistic effect in preventing and treating sarcopenia.”

The study was published in the journal Osteoporosis International (Mithal et al., 2012).

Around one-in-four people may have a vitamin B12 deficiency, according to research.

Small white spots on the skin can be a sign of vitamin B12 deficiency.

The white spots often appear on the outside of the forearm, but can be anywhere.

Around one-in-four people may have a vitamin B12 deficiency, according to a recent study.

The body uses vitamin B12 to make red blood cells and to keep the nervous system healthy.

Vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to low levels of melatonin, which contributes to the white spots on the skin.

Other, more common signs of vitamin B12 deficiency include feeling tired, experiencing muscle weakness and being constipated.

Vitamin B12 levels can be boosted through supplementation or by eating foods such as dairy, liver, salmon and eggs.

The study examined blood samples from 1,079 older adults in Germany.

The results showed that 27 percent were deficient in vitamin B12.

Along with this, over half were vitamin D deficient.

Ms Romy Conzade, the study’s first author, said:

“The results are very clear.

Fifty-two percent of the examined older adults had vitamin D levels below 50 nmol/L and thus had a suboptimal vitamin D status.”

Dr. Barbara Thorand, study co-author, said:

“Our study also shows that regular intake of vitamin-containing supplements goes along with improved levels of the respective vitamins.

However, vitamin-containing supplements are not a universal remedy, and particularly older people should watch out for maintaining a healthy and nutritious diet.”

The study was published in the journal Nutrients (Conzade et al., 2017).

Up to 50 percent of the population of the world is deficient in vitamin D.

Weak muscles can be a sign of vitamin D deficiency, research finds.

Older people with weak muscles are twice as likely to have a vitamin D deficiency.

Skeletal muscles which are connected to bones, give us the ability to move, balance, and perform physical activities.

Keeping skeletal muscles healthy is important for successful ageing because better mobility and reduced weakness will improve quality of life.

The signs and symptoms of vitamin D deficiency can vary, but some common ones include:

1. Fatigue and tiredness
2. Bone pain and muscle weakness
3. Depression
4. Impaired wound healing
5. Hair loss
6. Bone deformities
7. Frequent infections or illnesses
8. Slow wound healing
9. Soft or brittle bones

Many of these symptoms can also be caused by other factors and some people may not experience any symptoms at all.

Vitamin D and muscle strength

Adequate levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D appear to be as important as resistance training, such as weight exercises, in maintaining muscle function.

To determine the relation between poor muscle function and vitamin D, the study analysed data from 4,157 people who were 60 years and older.

They were given some physical performance tests, including the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) and hand grip strength to measure participants muscle strength and physical function.

Their serum 25(OH)D concentration was also measured for vitamin D status.

Vitamin D deficiency was defined as a serum level below 30 nmol/L, the cut-off point which is used for bone disease.

They found that muscle weakness in people with vitamin D deficiency was double the rate than those with adequate levels of vitamin D.

Also, poor physical performance and low muscle strength was three times higher in participants with vitamin D deficiency.

Dr Maria O’Sullivan, the study’s co-author, said:

“Our results show that vitamin D deficiency increased the likelihood of poor muscle function in older adults and confirms the protective effect of physical activity.

Maintaining muscle function is incredibly important, and often overlooked, in promoting healthy ageing.

Addressing this through multimodal approaches that incorporate physical activity, reversing vitamin D deficiency and other modifiable diet and lifestyle components require further investigation.”

50% are vitamin D deficient

According to experts, up to 50 percent of the population of the world is deficient in vitamin D.

Vitamin D deficiency is linked to poor immune function, sleep quantity and quality, low mood, muscle fatigue, difficulties with learning and memory, gut problems, and headaches.

Another study reveals that people with low levels of vitamin D are likely to wake more during the night and to have less sleep overall.

Dr Eamon Laird, the study’s co-author, said:

“Vitamin D deficiency and physical activity are modifiable factors.

Some countries, for example Finland, have successful implemented a vitamin D food fortification policy which has all but eliminated deficiency in the population.

Such a policy could similarly be implemented in the UK and Ireland for older populations.”

The study was published in the journal Clinical Interventions in Aging (Aspell et al., 2019).

Diseases linked to vitamin D deficiency include cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer.

Throbbing pains in the back or knees could be signs of vitamin D deficiency.

The pain can feel like a penetrating ache sensed deep in the body.

Aching bones are linked to vitamin D deficiency because it is vital to bone health.

The substance is required to help regulate the levels of calcium and phosphate in the body.

A 10 mcg supplement is typically enough during the winter months to supplement dietary intake.

Vitamin D deficiency can be detrimental to overall health as well.

Deficiency in this vitamin has also been linked to multiple sclerosis, high blood pressure and diabetes.

Other possible signs of vitamin D deficiency include depression, feeling sleepy and a lack of energy.

Some studies estimate that up to 70 percent of people could have a vitamin D deficiency.

Much of the body’s vitamin D is produced in response to sunlight on the skin.

That is why levels are typically lower in the body through the winter months in northern latitudes.

Getting outside for a 20-minute walk a few times a week can be enough for the body to produce the required amounts of vitamin D.

Some of the best dietary sources of vitamin D are eggs, oily fish and mushrooms.

One study of postmenopausal women found very high levels of vitamin D deficiency.

The study’s authors recommend that:

“A healthy lifestyle should include exposure to the sun for 15 minutes three to four times per week when the weather permits since 90% of vitamin D is synthesized upon the skin having contact with sunlight.”

Many health problems could be linked to vitamin D deficiency, said Dr Faustino Pérez-López, the study’s first author:

“We believe that many diseases can be aggravated by a chronic deficiency of vitamin D.

Healthcare professionals should be aware that this is a common problem which affects a large part of the population in Europe, even those who live in sunny places.”

Vitamin D supports the mineral density of bones and aids neuromuscular function as well as reducing the risk of fracture.

Other disease linked to vitamin D deficiency include cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer.

The study was published in the journal Maturitas (Pérez-López et al., 2012).

Omega-3 fatty acids in the diet can prevent this serious disorder.

Problems with vision can be a sign of omega-3 deficiency, research suggests.

Age-related macular degeneration disorder is an eye disease which is linked to omega-3 fatty acids deficiency.

Macular degeneration is a common medical condition, affecting a large group of the population at age 40 and older.

Deterioration of the macula, an area of the retina, can result in losing central vision but not complete blindness.

A review of nine studies on 90,000 people found that a diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids was associated with a 38 percent reduction in the risk of age-related macular degeneration.

Omega-3 fatty acids are polyunsaturated fats considered to be essential as our body cannot produce them and so they are obtained from the diet.

These type of fats are mostly found in oily fish (fatty fish) and have many health benefits, therefore they known as “good” fats.

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) are the main types of omega 3 fatty acids.

Fatty fish such as salmon, trout, herring, sardines, and fish oils, including cod liver oil, are high in EPA and DHA.

ALA is found in fats from plant foods such as nuts and seeds — walnuts and rapeseed are good sources of this nutrient.

Age-related macular degeneration is a leading cause of sight loss which affects about 3 million people in the U.S. and more than 600,000 people in the UK.

Early signs of macular degeneration includes fuzzy, blurry and impaired vision, difficulty reading or seeing details like recognising faces or watching television.

A study found that having one or more servings of fish per week reduced the risk of age-related macular degeneration by 42 percent.

The authors said:

“This lower risk appeared to be due primarily to consumption of canned tuna fish and dark-meat fish.”

Dark-meat fish in this study included salmon, sardines, bluefish, mackerel, and swordfish.

Knowing how dietary essential omega-3 fatty acids work can be useful in treating and prevention of different disorders.

It appears that DHA is the key since it generates signaling molecules called docosanoids where there is a disruption within cells due to a disease or an injury.

Docosanoids can protect neurons by controlling specific genes in the brain and retina and asking the genes how to respond.

Moreover, DHA from the liver is concentrated in photoreceptors, a type of cell in the retina that responds to light.

Retinal degeneration including macular degeneration occurs when photoreceptors cannot get enough DHA.

When a gene that controls the DHA uptake is turned off then photoreceptors die and mutation of an amino acid in these cells leads to a disorder of the eyes that causes loss of vision known as retinitis pigmentosa.

Two studies were published in Arch Ophthalmol (Chong et al., 2008); (Christen et al., 2011); the other study was published in the Journal of Biological Chemistry (Asatryan et al., 2017).

Vitamin B12 levels can be boosted through supplementation or by eating foods such as dairy, liver, salmon and eggs.

Facial pain can be a sign of vitamin B12 deficiency, research suggests.

The pain is sometimes felt just under the eye, in the cheekbone area, usually on only one side of the face.

The pain can also be felt across the forehead, occasionally coming down to the edge of the nose.

Twitches under the eye can also be a sign of vitamin B12 deficiency.

Other, more common signs of vitamin B12 deficiency include feeling tired, experiencing muscle weakness and being constipated.

The study of facial pain included 17 people.

All were given injections of a vitamin B12 supplement over a four week period.

The results showed that supplementation alleviated the condition.

Another sign of vitamin B12 deficiency is cold sores.

The researchers found that the vitamin also successfully treated this condition, said Dr Baruah:

“It may be possible that having cold sores means there is an active herpes simplex virus located in the gasserian ganglion, indicating that there may be some compromise of that particular side and these trigeminal nerves are found to be more susceptible to deficiencies to vitamins, such as B12.”

Vitamin B12 deficiency is easy to rectify with supplements or by dietary changes.

The body uses vitamin B12 to make red blood cells and to keep the nervous system healthy.

Vitamin B12 levels can be boosted through supplementation or by eating foods such as dairy, liver, salmon and eggs.

Fortified breakfast cereals also contain vitamin B12.

Dr Jitendra K. Baruah, the study’s first author, said:

“It was somewhat unexpected that vitamin B12 deficiency can cause isolated facial neuralgia.

Treatment for facial neuralgia is sometimes very difficult, and patients may often go into multimodalities treatment without much success.

Knowing that this condition is remediable with vitamin B12 therapy, it is important to identify these patients and treat them accordingly.”

The study was published in the journal Pain (Koopman et al., 2009).