Category: Depression

People who’d experienced depression had hyper-connectivity in areas of the brain which have been associated with rumination.

Young adults who have experienced depression have hyper-connected cognitive and emotional networks, a study finds.

Researchers at the University of Illinois at Chicago scanned the brains of 30 adults between the ages of 18 and 23 while they were in a resting state (Jacobs et al., 2014).

The participants had previously experienced depression but were otherwise healthy and not taking any medication.

Their fMRI scans were compared with those of 23 controls who had not experienced serious depression.

They found that people who’d experienced depression had hyper-connectivity in areas of the brain which have been associated with rumination.

Rumination involves running personal problems over and over in your head without coming up with a solution.

Dr Scott Langenecker, associate professor of psychiatry and psychology at UIC, said:

“Rumination is not a very healthy way of processing emotion.

Rumination is a risk factor for depression and for re-occurrence of depression if you’ve had it in the past.”

Along with rumination, the researchers examined how much cognitive control participants had.

Dr Langenecker continued:

“Cognitive control and rumination, as you might expect, are related to each other.

As rumination goes up, cognitive control goes down.”

While the young adults in the study were not currently depressed, given previous research we know that around half of them will relapse within two years.

Young adulthood may be a critical period in which people are more responsive to the correct therapies.

Dr Rachel Jacobs, the study’s first author, said:

“If we can help youth learn how to shift out of maladaptive strategies such as rumination, this may protect them from developing chronic depression and help them stay well as adults.

We think that depression is a developmental outcome, and it’s not a foregone conclusion that people need to become depressed.

If we can provide prevention and treatment to those people that are most at risk, we might be able to prevent depression, reduce the number of depressive episodes, or reduce their severity.”

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Light therapy can provide an instant boost for those suffering from Seasonal Affective Disorder, but it’s not the best treatment.

Light therapy may not be the best way to treat seasonal affective disorder or SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder), a study finds.

Instead, cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) may be a better choice.

Professor Kelly Rohan, who led the study, said:

“Light therapy is a palliative treatment, like blood pressure medication, that requires you to keep using the treatment for it to be effective.

Adhering to the light therapy prescription upon waking for 30 minutes to an hour every day for up to five months in dark states can be burdensome.”

Light therapy can be useful for an instant boost, but, the study found, therapy is more effective in the long-run.

In the study, researchers put people suffering from SAD into two different groups for six weeks of treatment:

• One group received light therapy equipment which they were encouraged to use for 30 minutes each morning.
• The other group were taught a version of CBT that challenged negative thoughts and attempted to change behaviours.

In therapy people learned to avoid social isolation, which can depress mood.

It also tried to challenge the idea that the dark winter months are inevitably depressing.

The study found that while people were keen on the light therapy at the start, by the second winter only 30% were still using the equipment.

CBT, though, gave people the skills they needed to cope.

Having better skills leads to a feeling of control over the situation — which is usually helpful.

Both treatments, though, are probably similarly effective over the short-term, said Professor Rohan:

“The degree of improvement was substantial.

Both treatments showed large, clinically significant improvements in depressive symptoms over six weeks in the winter.”

The study was published in the American Journal of Psychiatry (Rohan et al., 2015).