A ‘sweet tooth’ is something we acquire, rather than being born with it.
This process of constructing values from the components of a sensation or experience may be how we make many different aesthetic decisions.
Neuroscientists find that cold water immersion changes connectivity in the medial prefrontal cortex and the parietal cortex.
“When we are afraid, when we are threatened in any way, our cortisol levels go up.”
“When we are afraid, when we are threatened in any way, our cortisol levels go up.”
Stress can literally shrink your brain, research suggests.
Middle-aged people with high levels of the ‘stress hormone’ cortisol also perform worse on memory tests than those with average levels of the hormone.
Common approaches such as mindfulness, moderate exercise and better sleep can all help reduce stress.
Professor Sudha Seshadri, who led the study, said:
“In our quest to understand cognitive aging, one of the factors attracting significant interest and concern is the increasing stress of modern life.
One of the things we know in animals is that stress can lead to cognitive decline.
In this study, higher morning cortisol levels in a large sample of people were associated with worse brain structure and cognition.”
The study involved brain scans of 2,231 people who also had their cortisol levels tested.
Cortisol is a hormone that rises in the body with stress levels.
The tests revealed that those with higher levels of cortisol had smaller brain volumes and worse memory.
However, no one in the study had signs of dementia.
Dr Justin B. Echouffo-Tcheugui, the study’s lead author, said:
“Cortisol affects many different functions, so it is important to fully investigate how high levels of the hormone may affect the brain.
While other studies have examined cortisol and memory, we believe our large, community-based study is the first to explore, in middle-aged people, fasting blood cortisol levels and brain volume, as well as memory and thinking skills.”
Professor Seshadri said:
“The faster pace of life today probably means more stress, and when we are stressed, cortisol levels increase because that is our fight-or-flight response.
When we are afraid, when we are threatened in any way, our cortisol levels go up.
This study adds to the prevailing wisdom that it’s never too early to be mindful of reducing stress.”
The study was published in the journal Neurology (Echouffo-Tcheugui et al., 2018).
‘Zoom fatigue’ is the phenomenon where people complain that online communication is more effortful and less natural, leaving them tired and despondent.
The standing waves revealed in the brain are akin to those produced in musical instruments.
Sleep adapts to the seasons and human physiology is ‘down-regulated’ in the winter.
Trying to solve a long-standing mystery about what the brain is doing when it’s doing nothing.
Some people have a can’t be bothered attitude, but apathy could be partly down to biology.
Some people have a can’t be bothered attitude, but apathy could be partly down to biology.
The root of apathy could lie in the brain’s structure, a study reveals.
The brains of people who can’t be bothered have to make more effort to take an action than those who are motivated, neuroscientists have found.
The pre-motor cortex — where there’s more activity in apathetic people — is an area key to taking actions.
The study could suggest that for apathetic people it is about more than attitude — it could be down to biology.
Professor Masud Husain, who led the study, said:
“We know that in some cases people can become pathologically apathetic, for example after a stroke or with Alzheimer’s disease.
Many such patients can be physically capable.
Yet they can become so demotivated they won’t be bothered to care for themselves, even though they’re not depressed.
By studying healthy people, we wanted to find out whether any differences in their brains might shed light on apathy.”
In the study people played games: these required varying levels of physical effort for more or less reward.
Scans showed that the pre-motor cortex in the brains of apathetic people was consistently more active than in motivated people.
Professor Husain explained why:
“Using our brain scanning techniques we found that connections in the front part of the brains of apathetic people are less effective.
The brain uses around a fifth of the energy you’re burning each day.
If it takes more energy to plan an action, it becomes more costly for apathetic people to make actions.
Their brains have to make more effort.
As far as we know, this is the first time that anyone has found a biological basis for apathy in healthy people.
It doesn’t account for apathy in everyone but by giving us more information about the brain processes underlying normal motivation, it helps us understand better how we might find a treatment for those pathological conditions of extreme apathy.”
Dr Raliza Stoyanova, a cognitive neuroscientist, commented on the study:
“Lack of motivation to act towards achieving even simple goals, for example taking medication, is a feature of some brain disorders but also varies naturally within the population.
It’s well known that some people are more motivated to achieve the same goals than others, but interestingly, very little is known about the biological basis of such apathy.
This study provides important new insights, showing us that the brain systems involved in motivation and preparing for action are important components.”
The study was published in the journal Cerebral Cortex (Bonnelle et al., 2015).
Neuroscience experiments demonstrate how to reverse brain aging, control the mind over the internet, boost mood and way more…
Neuroscience experiments demonstrate how to reverse brain aging, control the mind over the internet, boost mood and way more…
Neuroscience is the study of the structure and function of the nervous system, of which the brain forms the most complex part.
Neuroscientists hope to uncover, among other things, the biological basis of how memory, learning, attention and consciousness really work.
Neuroscience uses all sorts of techniques to try and answer these questions, but the most well-known is neuroimaging or brain scanning technique such as fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) and PET (positron emission tomography).
These techniques allow neuroscientists to see which areas of the brain are particularly active at any given time.
What with these techniques, and others, it’s been an awe-inspiring few years for neuroscience.
By peering inside the living brain, neuroscientists have made all kinds of incredible discoveries.
Here are ten of my favourite — click the link to get the full story.
Electrical stimulation can reverse the brain aging of a 70-year-old by 50 years, neuroscience research demonstrates (Reinhart & Nguyen, 2019).
People in their 70s performed as well on working memory tasks as those in their 20s after painless electrical stimulation.
Even young people can benefit from the procedure.
The electrical stimulation helps to synchronise brain areas, with striking effects on seniors and some benefits to younger people.
Both gamma and theta rhythms — types of normal electrical activity — help the brain couple and synchronise.
Imagine if it were possible for one person to control another person’s movements over the internet, purely using their thoughts.
Well, back in 2013 researchers at the University of Washington managed to set up the first ever noninvasive human-to-human brain interface in their neuroscience experiment.
The two researchers were actually using the brain interface to play a simple computer game. It took some practice, but eventually one was able to send the signal and remotely move the other’s hand at a 100% success rate.
This type of ‘remote control’ over the internet has since been replicated several times.
“Hidden caves” that open up in the brain may help explain sleep’s amazing restorative powers, neuroscience has found.
The brain may wash away toxins built up over the day during sleep.
The research discovered “hidden caves” inside the brain, which open up during sleep, allowing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to flush out potential neurotoxins, like β-amyloid, which has been associated with Alzheimer’s disease (Xie et al., 2013).
This study suggests that the flushing out of toxins by the CSF may be central to sleep’s wondrous powers.
Neuroscientists have used ultrasound to jump-start two people’s brains from a minimally conscious state, a study reports (Cain et al., 2021).
After treatment, the two patients were able to understand language and communicate for the first time in years.
Ultrasound uses low-intensity focused sound-waves to excite neurons in the thalamus.
The thalamus is a kind of relay station or hub for the brain, routing information to the cerebral cortex and elsewhere.
When in a coma, activity in the thalamus is typically reduced.
In one case, a 56-year-old man was in a minimally conscious state after a stroke.
After treatment, which involved two sessions of ultrasound across one week, he started showing signs of being able to communicate.
The brain craves social contact when lonely in the same way it craves food when hungry, neuroscience research finds (Tomova et al., 2020).
After one day’s isolation, people’s brain activate in the same to seeing other people having fun together as it does to a plate of cheesy pasta.
People whose brains were most strongly affected by isolation were those who routinely had richer social lives.
Professor Rebecca Saxe, study co-author and neuroscientist, said:
“People who are forced to be isolated crave social interactions similarly to the way a hungry person craves food.
Our finding fits the intuitive idea that positive social interactions are a basic human need, and acute loneliness is an aversive state that motivates people to repair what is lacking, similar to hunger.”
A pilot study has found that the mood of chronic pain patients is boosted by left-field use of ultrasound machine.
Ultrasound equipment—which uses sound waves to see inside the body—is familiar to anyone with children as it’s used to check the health of an unborn child.
The pilot neuroscience study was conducted on 31 chronic pain patients (Hameroff et al., 2012).
After having the ultrasound applied to their brains for just 15 seconds, they felt slightly less pain, but the main effect was an improvement in mood:
“Patients reported improvements in mood for up to 40 minutes following treatment with brain ultrasound, compared with no difference in mood when the machine was switched off.”
Contrary to the old ‘sticks and stones’ saying, it seems words can and do hurt, and the brain responds accordingly.
A study has found that the body produces natural painkillers in response to social rejection, just as if it had suffered a physical injury (Hsu et al., 2013).
The lead author, Dr David T. Hsu, explained:
“This is the first study to peer into the human brain to show that the opioid system is activated during social rejection. In general, opioids [are] released during social distress and isolation in animals, but where this occurs in the human brain has not been shown until now.”
This is further evidence from neuroscience that social pain is not as different from physical pain as many thought.
Every day, when you open your eyes in the morning, there is a huge flood of visual information from the external world into your mind.
Your brain edits this flood down to a trickle of things that are highly relevant: Where is the dressing-gown? Where is the curtain? Where is the door?
It’s like a film director who doesn’t bother showing you the hero going to sleep or brushing his teeth.
However, what one neuroscience study suggests is that even information that isn’t that useful or relevant is still being processed in the brain for meaning (Sanguinetti et al., 2013).
The study is a fantastic reminder that what we see is the result of an extremely complicated editing and filtering process.
What we actually perceive is just what the brain thinks will be most useful to us.
There’s no sugar-coating it: growing up relatively poor is bad for you.
Children from less affluent families are, on average, more likely to suffer both physical and psychological illnesses later in life.
One neuroscience study suggests that exposure to stress at a young age — while the brain is still developing — causes permanent damage to the ability to deal with stress.
Brain scans show that childhood stress and poverty are linked to problems regulating the emotions in adulthood.
One of the study’s authors, Professor K. Luan Phan, explained:
“Our findings suggest that the stress-burden of growing up poor may be an underlying mechanism that accounts for the relationship between poverty as a child and how well your brain works as an adult.”
People can boost their attention skills by controlling their own alpha brain waves using neurofeedback, research finds (Bagherzadeh et al., 2019).
Alpha waves are a type of electrical signal that the brain generates which is important in how people filter out distracting information.
Concentration is improved when alpha waves are suppressed, research has shown.
Neurofeedback, meanwhile, is the process of learning to control brain waves after receiving feedback.
When people learn to control their brain waves using neurofeedback, they can improve their attention.
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