Is Modern Self-Help Just a Massive Money-Making Scam?
[Image credit: wrestlingentropy]
From humble beginnings, self-help books have now colonised huge and ever-growing areas of bookshops. Best-selling titles like 'Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus
', or 'Don't Worry, Make Money
' promise to teach us how to fix our relationships and live 'more fully'. But are these, and other come-ons, just empty assurances designed to sell a product?While the advice of philosophers like Epicurus and Schopenhauer, comes to us with the lustre of intellectual achievement, modern self-help books often don't. Worse, they can seem tacky, opportunistic and filled with psychobabble.
Of course self-help books vary considerably, in both quality and popularity - but are the most popular also the highest quality? In an article to be published in the Journal of Happiness Studies, Ad Bergsma looks at the most popular self-help books and asks whether their advice can really help us (Bergsma, in press).
Reasons to be sceptical
Despite their huge sales and continuing popularity, self-help books have faced fierce criticism over the years. Respected psychologists like Dr. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi have argued that self-help books will clearly not help people to become thin, rich and well-adjusted; indeed they will probably have no effect whatsoever.
Worse, some have claimed self-help books are actually bad for us by promoting 'false hope syndrome'. More radically, Steve Salerno, author of 'Sham: How the Self-Help Movement Made America Helpless
', claims self-help is responsible for the high divorce rate, increasing drug abuse and the end of romance. While claims like Salerno's are hard to justify, there's no doubt that self-help is a massive industry. Salerno's estimate is $8 billion a year in the US alone. That's a lot of cash and all the more reason to take a closer look at what self-help books actually contain and whether it is useful.
Is this cynicism unfounded, merely motivated by jealousy or is there some substance to it?
What are self-help books about?
The first problem is deciding exactly what self-help is given the number of different books on the market. Bergsma (in press) contacted a local publisher for the highest selling self-help books in a variety of bookstores.
Broadly speaking here is what these books covered:
- Personal growth: these were mainly focussed on improving the self.
- Relationships: giving advice on communication skills and how to improve our personal relations.
- Coping: how to deal with difficult events and situations. These often concentrated on dealing with stress at work.
- Identity: about gaining personal insight, although some overlap with the personal growth category.
What self-help books get wrong
Comparing the advice given in self-help books with psychological research about the conditions of happiness reveals two sides to the story. Let's start with the negative. There is evidence from previous studies that self-help books sometimes perpetuate psychological myths. Paul (2001) points out some common ones:
- Venting your anger is good. Wrong. Research shows that expressing your anger helps maintain it.
- When depressed, think happy thoughts. Wrong. Research shows that trying to think happy thoughts when we're depressed can actually make our current unhappiness even more obvious.
- Visualise your goals.Not the whole story: in order to achieve a goal we need to focus on the problems that stand between us and reaching our goal.
- Use self-affirmation: "I'm a tiger!" Doesn't work, it seems we don't believe our own praise. What we really need is praise from others to raise our self-esteem.
- Use active listening to communicate with your partner No luck here either. Loving couples don't seem to use this technique.
What self-help books get right
On the other hand, when Bergsma compared the advice given in his sample of self-help books, most of it corresponded with findings from happiness research. For example, self-help books pointed out the importance of our families, friendships, intimacy and love-lives, all of which are highly correlated with happiness.
Even if self-help books contain the right advice, though, there's still the question of whether reading a book will make any difference to people's lives. In other words: is there any evidence that after reading the advice, that people actually put it into practice, resulting in an improvement.
Do self-help books work?
To answer this question Bergsma argues we have to make a distinction between two different types of self-help books. The first focus on the idea of personal growth and the second tackle a particular problem, for example depression or anxiety.
Research into the use of problem-focused self-help books - sometimes called 'bibliotherapy' - has found that they can be effective for less severe problems, like mild depression and anxiety. As for growth-oriented books, there's no evidence for whether they work or not, although people do claim, when asked, to find them useful. Unfortunately we have to be sceptical about these sorts of reports - see my series on the hidden workings of the mind.
It's notable, though, that in the sample Bergsma examined, the vast majority of books were growth-oriented, not problem-oriented. This doesn't mean the growth-oriented ones are no good, just that we don't know whether they're effective or not.
The hope factor
If self-help books do work, and there's evidence that some do, why are they effective? Bergsma argues that it may have less to do with the specific advice they contain, and more to do with a factor common to all self-help books: hope.
To explain this point, let's draw an analogy with psychotherapy and the research into its effectiveness. Psychotherapists operate using a variety of different techniques, e.g. cognitive-behavioural, psychodynamic, person-centred and so on. Research into the effectiveness of these different types of psychotherapy has suggested there is a common factor in all of them. This common factor is probably the beneficial effect of having someone listening to you and providing support. The actual techniques used may be less important.
Perhaps the same is also true of self-help books. One thing that all self-help books have in common is that they all tell us that change is possible. In other words they give us hope. Exposing ourselves to a hefty dose of hope probably helps us cope better with life, even if it can't really make us all thin, rich and ecstatically happy.
False hope
The dark side of hope is that claims about potential improvement can, and are, grossly exaggerated, in order to prise open our wallets. Similarly a bright and breezy approach to potential change may lead us to believe that changing ourselves is easy, when often it requires considerable, sometimes monumental, effort.
» See also: 6 self-help books for depression that are recommended by the research and by clinicians themselves.
» Discover more articles in this series on the new science of happiness.
» If you enjoyed this post, subscribe to PsyBlog (RSS).
References
Bergsma, A. (In press) Do self-help books help? Journal of Happiness Studies, 1-20.
Paul, A.M. (2001). Self-Help: Shattering the Myths. Psychology Today, March.
Labels: Self-help
Like this post?
Get new articles free in your email inbox (max: 3 per week): 
Subscribe to PsyBlog's RSS Feed
Bookmark this post on Del.icio.us
Stumble It!
15 comments
Good post.
I personally have a vendetta against self-help and motivational speakers.
In my opinion, if you've used one "self-help" product and it didn't help long term, nothing else will. That's why Americans spend so much every year, it's not every person buying one or two books or videos, it's a percentage who are constantly looking for happiness.
For me, there is only one book: How to win friends and influence people, by Dale Carnegie. Though slightly outdated, Carnegie suggests ways of alleviating life's complicated matters - at least to some degree. My father gave me the book, as I will to my son.
As Dale Carnegie said, "The person who seeks all their applause from outside has their happiness in another's keeping."
I've enjoyed reading this post.
Good job!
>>"When depressed, think happy thoughts."
About that, I wonder how that correlates with escapism...
Good post Jeremy.
Thanks everyone - glad you enjoyed it.
Thank you jeremy,it was really a interesting post.
Great Post! Thanks for inspiring me. I really enjoy the content of your blog.
I have mixed feelings about this topic. On the one hand I think books like Oprah's The Secret should be taken out and shot. They just tell people that visualizing success is going to make it happen. I also have a dark spot in my heart for economic self help books such as those real estate books that are just MLM schemes.
On the other hand, I consider books such as Dale Carnegie's How to win friends and influence people to be very useful. I remember reading a similar book by Barbara Walters about how to talk to anyone. I think these types of books are very useful because communicating effectively is one of those things that can be very hard to learn without some tips.
I also put Caldini's Influence in this category as well. It helped me explain some of the behaviors I was seeing around me from other people. After reading his explanation of how small rewards can permanently change people's behavior more effectively than large ones my eyes were opened to a great deal of phenomena that had been inexplicable to me previously.
Thanks Online and Jessica.
Kyle, yes, I'd definitely agree that there's considerable variation.
How do you empirically measure "personal growth?" Given that it's going to be very different for different people, it's not surprising there is less empirical support for these kinds of books. But honestly, would there be a market for them if people didn't take something positive away from them? They remain popular for a reason -- because they provide something to the people who read them.
The "think happy thoughts" summary is a really simplistic interpretation of the research in this area. The research actually shows that trying to suppress negative thoughts (mostly in undergraduate students -- very little in way of real-world research in this area) can lead to a more depressed mood. That's very different than saying "happy thoughts don't work." Optimistic thinking and answering cognitive distortions are two self-help techniques that have a lot of empirical support for helping with a depressed mood.
Self-affirmation research also has produced more complex results than "self-affirmation doesn't work" or "self-affirmation has no effect on mood." That's simply not a very nuanced reading of the literature, which suggests there are positive effects of self-affirmation.
Furthermore, these suggestions about what "self-help books get wrong" comes from, ironically, a self-help magazine (Psychology Today) article, written not by a psychology researcher, but by a health journalist for a lay-person audience. I believe the article greatly simplified the research in these (and other) areas in order to make simple, strong points that made for a good article (but not necessarily a wholly accurate one).
Hi DocJohn,
Thanks for your comment. First about the your personal growth question, I think the author is suggesting people would be given books categorised as personal growth and then their well-being could be measured before and after reading them. Same method as for the problem-oriented books.
Second, about your criticisms of the Paul (2001) article - I'd agree this is not a very nuanced description, but the basic points (mostly) hold true. The author of the Psychology Today article does rely on solid academic references. For example on 'think happy thoughts', she has consulted Dan Wegner, and on self-affirmation William Swan.
You can read the article here.
Yup, I saw the references and then I went to the literature myself and saw many, many more references that paint a more complex picture. Anybody can write pretty much any article and find a reference to support their point of view. For instance, I can in women, suppression of thoughts *does* work, because there's a research study that shows it does (which is the exact opposite point made). So while she captures *a* point of view in a moment of time (back in 2001 when she wrote that article), repeating the same simplistic conclusions 7 years late probably isn't what I've come to expect from your entries.
And of course, we both know "well being" may capture a component of "personal growth," but certainly is not the whole picture (or perhaps even the best part of the picture).
Keep up the great writing!
Hi DocJohn, if you could pass on the best couple of references you found for self-affirmation, positive thinking and happiness, I'd really appreciate it.
Dear friends.Rubbishing or praising all self help books is like saying all people are bad or everyone is good.
We should use our discretion,experts opinions and of course our simple but often elusive common sense.Thereis no doubt that the market is filled with "fillers" or "also rans" but you have to dig out for real gold.Its rare as they say.You must have an eye for that, but once again its catch 22 position.
Regards. Meraj. Allahabad. India
After Trent of TheSimpleDollar.com lauded Carnegie's HTWFIP, I was curious who thought that it might be outdated.
This blog post has some very intriguing arguments to think about while reading Carnegie, or any self-help book for that matter.
But there is a distinct difference between reading about a thing and actually practicing it.
IMHO most people skim with skepticism or try to absorb a feel-good attitude but don't do the work every day. It's a daunting commitment to actually help yourself, when the insanity of doing the same things over and over is so much easier.
contentgrrl